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The purpose of this timeline is to give a detailed account of Christianity from the beginning of the current era (AD) to the present. Question marks on dates indicate approximate dates. (詳細はyear one is the first year in the ''Christian calendar'' (there is no year zero), which is the calendar presently used (in unison with the Gregorian calendar) almost everywhere in the world. Traditionally, this was held to be the year Jesus was born; however, most modern scholars argue for an earlier or later date, the most agreed upon being between 6 BC and 4 BC. *6 Herod Archelaus deposed by Augustus; Samaria, Judea and Idumea annexed as Iudaea Province under direct Roman administration,〔H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 246: "When Archelaus was deposed from the ethnarchy in 6 CE, Judea proper, Samaria and Idumea were converted into a Roman province under the name Iudaea."〕 capital at Caesarea, Quirinius became Legate (Governor) of Syria, conducted Census of Quirinius, opposed by Zealots ((JA18 ), , ) *7-26 Brief period of peace, relatively free of revolt and bloodshed in Iudaea & Galilee〔John P. Meier's ''A Marginal Jew'', v. 1, ch. 11; also H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, page 251: "But after the first agitation (which occurred in the wake of the first Roman census) had faded out, we no longer hear of bloodshed in Judea until the days of Pilate."〕 *9 Pharisee leader Hillel the Elder dies, temporary rise of Shammai *14-37 Tiberius, Roman Emperor *18-36 Caiaphas, appointed High Priest of Herod's Temple by Prefect Valerius Gratus, deposed by Syrian Legate Lucius Vitellius *19 Jews, Jewish proselytes, astrologers, expelled from Rome〔Suetonius, Lives of the Twelve Caesars, (Tiberius 36 ); *(Jewish Encyclopedia: Rome: Expelled Under Tiberius ): "The Jewish deputation which petitioned for the deposition of the royal house of the Idumeans was joined by 8,000 Jewish residents of Rome. Several Romans adopted Jewish customs, and some, as the rhetor Cilicius of Kalakte, a friend of Dionysius of Halicarnassus, even embraced Judaism (Müller, "Fragmenta Historicorum Græcorum," iii. 331). The reign of Tiberius (until the removal of his minister Sejanus) was fraught with misfortune for the Jews. When the cult of Isis was driven out of Rome (19 CE.) the Jews also were expelled, because a Roman lady who inclined toward Judaism had been deceived by Jewish swindlers. The synagogues were closed, the vessels burned, and 4,000 Jewish youths were sent upon military service to Sardinia. After the death of Sejanus (31) the emperor allowed the Jews to return."; *Haim Hillel Ben-Sasson (and Abraham Malamat contributor) ''(A History of the Jewish People )'', Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 978-0674397316, page 288 quote: "Explicit evidence of a systematic attempt to propagate the Jewish faith in the city of Rome is found as early as 139 BCE. With the increase of the Jewish population of Rome, the Jews intensified their efforts to make converts among the Romans. Although the activity of Jewish missionaries in Roman society caused Tiberius to expel them from that city in 19 CE, they soon returned, and Jewish religious propaganda was resumed and maintained even after the destruction of the Temple. Tacitus mentions it regretfully ((''Histories'' 5.5 )), and Juvenal, in his Fourteenth Satire (11. 96ff.), describes how Roman families 'degenerated' into Judaism: the fathers permitted themselves to adopt some of its customs and the sons became Jews in every respect." ... (sentence of next paragraph: ) "In addition, the Bible provided the apostles of Judaism with a literature unparalleled in any other religion."〕 *26-36 Pontius Pilate, Prefect (governor) of Iudaea, recalled to Rome by Syrian Legate Vitellius on complaints of excess violence (JA18.4.2) *28 or 29 John the Baptist begins his ministry in the "15th year of Tiberius" (), saying: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (), a relative of Jesus (), a Nazirite (), baptized Jesus (), later arrested and beheaded by Herod Antipas (), it's possible that, according to Josephus' chronology, John was not killed until 36 (JA18.5.2) Jesus begins his ministry after his baptism by John and during the rule of Pilate, preaching: "Repent, for the kingdom of heaven is near" (). While the historicity of the gospel accounts is questioned to some extent by some critical scholars and non-Christians, the traditional view states the following chronology for his ministry: Temptation, Sermon on the Mount, Appointment of the Twelve, Miracles, Temple Money Changers, Last Supper, Arrest, Trial, Passion, Crucifixion on Nisan 14th (,, Gospel of Peter) or Nisan 15th (Synoptic Gospels), entombment by Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, Resurrection by God and Resurrection appearances of Jesus to Mary Magdalene and other women (, ), Simon Peter (), and others, (), Great Commission, Ascension, Second Coming Prophecy to fulfill the rest of Messianic prophecy such as the Resurrection of the dead, the Last Judgment, and establishment of the Kingdom of God and the Messianic Age. ==Apostolic Age== (詳細はNisan 14 or 15), the Jerusalem church is founded as the first Christian church with about 120 Jews and Jewish Proselytes (), followed by Pentecost (Sivan 6), the Ananias and Sapphira incident, Pharisee Gamaliel's defense of the Apostles (), the stoning of Saint Stephen (see also Persecution of Christians) and the subsequent dispersion of the Apostles (, also ) which leads to the baptism of Simon Magus in Samaria (), and also an Ethiopian eunuch (). Paul's "Road to Damascus" conversion to "Apostle to the Gentiles" is first recorded in , cf. . Peter baptizes the Roman Centurion Cornelius, who is traditionally considered the first Gentile convert to Christianity (). The Antioch church is founded, it was there that the term Christian was first used (). *37-41 Crisis under Caligula, proposed as the first open break between Rome and the Jews〔H.H. Ben-Sasson, ''A History of the Jewish People'', Harvard University Press, 1976, ISBN 0-674-39731-2, ''The Crisis Under Gaius Caligula'', pages 254-256: "The reign of Gaius Caligula (37-41) witnessed the first open break between the Jews and the Julio-Claudian empire. Until then — if one accepts Sejanus' heyday and the trouble caused by the census after Archelaus' banishment — there was usually an atmosphere of understanding between the Jews and the empire ... These relations deteriorated seriously during Caligula's reign, and, though after his death the peace was outwardly re-established, considerable bitterness remained on both sides. ... Caligula ordered that a golden statue of himself be set up in the Temple in Jerusalem. ... Only Caligula's death, at the hands of Roman conspirators (41), prevented the outbreak of a Jewish-Roman war that might well have spread to the entire East."〕 *before 44 Epistle of James if written by James the Great *44? Saint James the Great: According to ancient local tradition, on 2 January of the year AD 40, the Virgin Mary appeared to James on a pillar on the bank of the Ebro River at Caesaraugusta, while he was preaching the Gospel in Spain. Following that vision, St James returned to Judea, where he was beheaded by King Herod Agrippa I in the year 44 during a Passover (Nisan 15) (). *44 Death of Herod Agrippa I ((JA19 ).8.2, ) *44-46? Theudas beheaded by Procurator Cuspius Fadus for saying he would part the Jordan river (like Moses and the Red Sea or Joshua and the Jordan) ((JA20 ).5.1, places it before the Census of Quirinius) *45-49? Mission of Barnabas and Paul, (), to Cyprus, Pisidian Antioch, Iconium, Lystra and Derbe (there they were called "gods ... in human form"), then return to Syrian Antioch. (Map1 ) *47 The Church of the East is created by Saint Thomas *48-100 Herod Agrippa II appointed King of the Jews by Claudius, seventh and last of the Herodians *49 "Since the Jews constantly made disturbances at the instigation of Chrestus,〔A. J. MAAS (2003). (Origin of the Name of Jesus Christ ). Retrieved January 23, 2006. Walter Bauer's et al. ''Greek-English Lexicon of the New Testament'', 1979, under Christos notes: "as a personal name; the Gentiles must have understood Christos in this way to them it seemed very much like Chrestos (in pronunciation ... ), a name that is found in lit."〕 he *50 Passover riot in Jerusalem, 20-30,000 killed (JA20.5.3,(JW2 ).12.1) *50? Council of Jerusalem and the "Apostolic Decree", , same as ?, which is followed by the Incident at Antioch〔(Catholic Encyclopedia: Judaizers ) see section titled: "THE INCIDENT AT ANTIOCH"〕 at which Paul publicly accuses Peter of "Judaizing" (), see also Circumcision controversy in early Christianity *50-53? Paul's 2nd mission, (), split with Barnabas, to Phrygia, Galatia, Macedonia, Philippi, Thessalonica, Berea, Athens, Corinth, "he had his hair cut off at Cenchrea because of a vow he had taken", then return to Antioch; 1 Thessalonians, Galatians written? (Map2 ). Lydia of Thyatira, a seller of purple, becomes the first European Christian convert〔Cumming, John (1998). ''Butler's Lives of the Saints''. Collgeville, MN: The Liturgical Press. p. 24〕 ((Acts 16:11-15) ) *51-52 or 52-53 Proconsulship of Gallio according to an inscription, only fixed date in chronology of Paul〔(Pauline Chronology: His Life and Missionary Work ), from (Catholic Resources ) by Felix Just, S.J.〕 *52, November 21 St. Thomas the Apostle lands in India.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=stthoma.com )〕 Establishes churches at Kodungalloor, Palayoor, Paraur, Kottakkav, Kokkamangalam, Nilakkal, Niranam and Kollam *53-57? Paul's 3rd mission, (), to Galatia, Phrygia, Corinth, Ephesus, Macedonia, Greece, and Jerusalem where James the Just challenges him about rumor of teaching antinomianism (); he addresses a crowd in their language (most likely Aramaic), Romans, 1 Corinthians, 2 Corinthians, Philippians written? (Map3 ) *55? "Egyptian prophet" (allusion to Moses) and 30,000 unarmed Jews doing The Exodus reenactment massacred by Procurator Antonius Felix (JW2.13.5, JA20.8.6, ) *58? Paul arrested, accused of being a revolutionary, "ringleader of the sect of the Nazarenes", teaching resurrection of the dead, imprisoned in Caesarea () *59? Paul shipwrecked on Malta, there he is called a god () *60? Paul in Rome: greeted by many "brothers", three days later calls together the Jewish leaders, who hadn't received any word from Judea about him, but were curious about "this sect", which everywhere is spoken against; he tries to convince them from the "law and prophets", with partial success – said the Gentiles would listen, and spends two years proclaiming the Kingdom of God and teaching "the Lord Jesus Christ" (); Epistle to Philemon written? *60-64? early date for writing of 1 Peter (Peter as author) *before 62 Epistle of James if written by James the Just *62 James the Just stoned to death for law transgression by High Priest Ananus ben Artanus, popular opinion against act results in Ananus being deposed by new procurator Lucceius Albinus (JA20.9.1) *63-107? Simeon, 2nd Bishop of Jerusalem, crucified under Trajan *64-68 after July 18 Great Fire of Rome, Nero blames and persecutes the ''Christians'' (or Chrestians〔In the earliest extant manuscript containing ''Annales'' 15:44, the second Medicean, the ''e'' in "Chrestianos", Chrestians, has been changed into an ''i''; cf. Gerd Theißen, Annette Merz, ''Der historische Jesus: ein Lehrbuch'', 2001, p. 89. The reading ''Christianos'', Christians, is therefore doubtful.〕), possibly the earliest mention of ''Christians'', by that name, in Rome, see also Tacitus on Jesus, Paul beheaded? (,,,(1Clem ) 5:5-7), Peter crucified upside-down? (,,(Tertullian's Prescription Against Heretics ) chapter XXXVI,(Eusebius' Church History Book III ) chapter I), "...a vast multitude, were convicted, not so much of the crime of incendiarism as of hatred of the human race. And in their deaths they were made the subjects of sport; for they were wrapped in the hides of wild beasts and torn to pieces by dogs, or nailed to crosses, or set on fire, and when day declined, were burned to serve for nocturnal lights." (Annals (Tacitus) XV.44) *64/67(?)-76/79(?) Pope Linus succeeds Peter as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome) *64 Epistle to the Hebrews written *65? Q document, a hypothetical Greek text thought by many critical scholars to have been used in writing of Matthew and Luke *66-73 Great Jewish Revolt: destruction of Herod's Temple and end of Judaism according to Supersessionism, Qumran community (site of Dead Sea Scrolls found in 1947)destroyed *70(+/-10)? Gospel of Mark, written in Rome, by Peter's interpreter (1 Peter 5:13), original ending apparently lost, endings added c. 400, see Mark 16 *70? Signs Gospel written, hypothetical Greek text used in Gospel of John to prove Jesus is the Messiah *70-100? Additional Pauline Epistles *70-200? Gospel of Thomas, Jewish Christian Gospels: Gospel of the Ebionites, Gospel of the Hebrews, Gospel of the Nazarenes *72, July 3 Martyrdom of St. Thomas the Apostle at Chinnamala, Mylapore, Chennai (Tamil Nadu) *76/79(?)-88 Pope Anacletus: first Greek Pope, who succeeds Linus as Episcopus Romanus (Bishop of Rome) *80(+/-20) Didache written *80(+/-20)? Gospel of Matthew, based on Mark and Q, most popular in Early Christianity *80(+/-20)? Gospel of Luke, based on Mark and Q, also Acts of the Apostles by same author *80(+/-20)? Pastoral Epistles written (possible post-Pauline authorship) *88-101? Clement, fourth Bishop of Rome: wrote Letter of the Romans to the Corinthians (Apostolic Fathers) *90? Council of Jamnia of Judaism (disputed), Domitian applies the Fiscus Judaicus tax even to those who merely "lived like Jews"〔(Jewish Encyclopedia: Fiscus Iudaicus ), (Suetonius's Domitian ) XII: "Besides other taxes, that on the Jews (tax of two drachmas a head, imposed by Titus in return for free permission to practice their religion; see Josephus, Bell. Jud. 7.6.6 ) was levied with the utmost rigor, and those were prosecuted who, without publicly acknowledging that faith, yet lived as Jews, as well as those who concealed their origin and did not pay the tribute levied upon their people (may have been Christians, whom the Romans commonly assumed were Jews ). I recall being present in my youth when the person of a man ninety years old was examined before the procurator and a very crowded court, to see whether he was circumcised."〕 *90(+/-10)? late date for writing of 1 Peter (associate of Peter as author) *94 Testimonium Flavianum, disputed section of Jewish Antiquities by Josephus in Aramaic, translated to Koine Greek *95(+/-30)? Gospel of John and Epistles of John *95(+/-10)? Book of Revelation written, by John (son of Zebedee) and/or a disciple of his *96 Nerva modifies the ''Fiscus Judaicus'', from then on, practising Jews pay the tax, Christians do not〔Wylen, Stephen M., ''The Jews in the Time of Jesus: An Introduction'', Paulist Press (1995), ISBN 0-8091-3610-4, Pp 190-192.; Dunn, James D.G., ''Jews and Christians: The Parting of the Ways, A.D. 70 to 135'', Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing (1999), ISBN 0-8028-4498-7, Pp 33-34.; Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro & Gargola, Daniel J & Talbert, Richard John Alexander, ''The Romans: From Village to Empire'', Oxford University Press (2004), ISBN 0-19-511875-8, p. 426.;〕 *98-117? Ignatius, third Bishop of Antioch, fed to the lions in the Roman Colosseum, advocated the Bishop (Eph 6:1, Mag 2:1,6:1,7:1,13:2, Tr 3:1, Smy 8:1,9:1), rejected Sabbath on Saturday in favor of "The Lord's Day" (Sunday). (Mag 9.1), rejected Judaizing (Mag 10.3), first recorded use of the term catholic (Smy 8:2). *100(+/-30)? Epistle of Barnabas (Apostolic Fathers) *100(+/-25)? Epistle of James if written by author other than James the Just or James the Great *100(+/-10)? Epistle of Jude written, probably by doubting relative of Jesus (Mark 6,3), rejected by some early Christians due to its reference to apocryphal Book of Enoch (v14) 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Timeline of Christianity」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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